Understand the physiology and regulation of endogenous glucocorticoids and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in children.

Identify common pediatric indications for glucocorticoid therapy, including asthma, nephrotic syndrome, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and adrenal insufficiency.

Differentiate between commonly used glucocorticoids (e.g., hydrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) based on potency, duration of action, and mineralocorticoid activity.

Apply appropriate dosing strategies, including physiological vs pharmacological doses, tapering schedules, and stress dosing during illness or surgery.

Recognize potential adverse effects of short- and long-term glucocorticoid therapy such as growth suppression, obesity, behavioral changes, osteoporosis, and risk of infections.

Monitor children on long-term therapy through regular growth tracking, blood pressure checks, glucose levels, bone health assessments, and eye examinations.

Emphasize patient and caregiver education, including adherence to dosing, infection prevention, vaccination planning, and recognizing signs of adrenal insufficiency.