This session will focus on the increasing clinical relevance of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacterium (NTM) infections, which have re-emerged as significant pathogens beyond tuberculosis. NTMs, found in environmental reservoirs like water and soil, can cause a wide spectrum of diseases, including pulmonary infections, lymphadenitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and disseminated disease, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The discussion will highlight the importance of distinguishing NTM infections from tuberculosis, interpreting diagnostic tools such as cultures and molecular assays, and understanding the therapeutic challenges posed by intrinsic drug resistance and prolonged treatment durations.